AUCTORES
Globalize your Research
Research Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2690-1919/112
1 Department of Anatomy and Pathological Cytology, Bafoussam Regional Hospital, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Buea, Cameroon
2 Gastroenterology Department, Bafoussam Regional Hospital, Cameroon.
3 Medical Biology Department, Bafoussam Regional Hospital, Cameroon.
4 Gastroenterology Department, Hospital General Douala, Cameroon.
*Corresponding Author: Enow orock g, Service d’Anatomie et de Cytologie Pathologiques, Hôpital Régional de Bafoussam
Citation: Enow orock g, enow orock a, Ngounou e, konang n jl, noubom m, nzeukou e1, tabeu nm, luma h. Pathologies Gastro-Intestinales dans un centre à ressources limitées : Etude Pilote à l’Hôpital Régional de Bafoussam, Cameroun.. J Clinical Research and Reports, 5(2); DOI:10.31579/2690-1919/112
Copyright: © 2020 Enow orock g. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received: 23 July 2020 | Accepted: 29 July 2020 | Published: 06 August 2020
Keywords: pathology; digestive; gastrointestinal pathology; Cameroon
Rationale: The pathology of the digestive tract is frequent in Cameroon. Despite this situation, studies of gastrointestinal pathology are rare. The pathological anatomy service is almost non-existent in the Cameroonian suburbs. Bafoussam in the west of the country is a semi-urban area and one of the rare ones to have a pathological anatomy department. This is why we decided to present the epidemiological data of the pathologies of the digestive tract of this locality.
Methods: We carried out a prospective study over three months (October 2019 - January 2020), in the pathological anatomy department of the Bafoussam Regional Hospital in Cameroon with the aim of presenting the structural pathologies of the digestive tract listed in this institution. .
Results: the pathology of the digestive tract has an incidence of approximately 400 in this locality, and represents 45.24% of all the pathologies identified in the pathological anatomy department of the Bafoussam Regional Hospital The age of our patients varies between 17 and 98 years old, with an average of 52.8. Women are slightly more represented (sex ratio M: F of 1: 1.3). Samples from the digestive tract represent 45% of all histological samples recorded in this department. The most common location, in decreasing order, is the stomach (84%), followed by the esophagus (5%), the colon and the rectum (4% each). On the other hand, other sites including the duodenum are rather rare. Of 100 samples of the digestive tract examined, 98 were pathological with a preponderance of inflammatory lesions (80.61%) against 19.39% of neoplastic nature. The inflammatory pathology was distributed uniformly in all age groups while the malignant pathologies were not observed until after 50 years. Malignant pathologies were more common in men (sex ratio M: F of 3: 1). Gastritis was the most common diagnosis (76.53%) and 94.66% of these gastritis were associated with Helicobacter pylori.
Conclusion: The pathology of the digestive tract is important in our community and dominated by the inflammatory type. The most common site is the stomach, most of the lesions of which are linked to Helicobacter pylori. It would be desirable to actively seek out and eradicate Helicobacter pylori infection to decrease the incidence of digestive pathology. Further studies are recommended to establish the true epidemiological trend of gastrointestinal pathology in our community.
Le tractus gastro-intestinal (TGI) est l'un des appareils les plus complexes du corps car il doit remplir plusieurs fonctions, y compris la digestion et l'absorption des nutriments. Exposé à une insulte continue du macrobiote local, l'épithélium de ce dernier est constamment renouvelé [1]. Plusieurs conditions pathologiques peuvent ainsi affecter le TGI.
Les maladies digestives touchent des millions de patients à travers le monde avec un impact économique important y compris cout élevé du système sanitaire, absentéisme au travail, et une qualité de vie médiocre chez les patients [2, 3, 4].
Les études rapportent que la pathologie gastro intestinale est fréquente au Cameroun. [5]. Une autre indique que ces pathologies constituent 10% des problèmes des patient en consultation dans l’hôpital régional de Limbe et à l’hôpital régional de Buea, dans la région du sud-ouest au Cameroun [6]. Les études sur la pathologie gastro-intestinale structurale histologiquement confirmée sont rares au Cameroun et peu effectuées en milieu tropical [7, 8]. Cette rareté est attribuée à un manque de services d’anatomie-pathologique au Cameroun. Ce travail présente un aperçu des pathologies structurales du tractus gastro-intestinal dans notre communauté.
Nous avons mené une étude prospective sur une période de 03 mois (octobre 2019 - janvier 2020). L’étude a concerné les pièces opératoires adressées au laboratoire d’anatomie pathologique, intéressant le tractus gastro-intestinal. Nous avons utilisé la technique histologique de routine : les échantillons fixés au formol 10%, les coupes effectuées au microtome en section de 0,5mm puis colorées à l’hématéine éosine. Enfin les lames sont interprétées sur microscope à lumière simple par un anatomopathologiste. Toutes les biopsies du TGI reçus durant la période d’études sont répertoriées, assemblées et analysées. Les résultats sont présentés en forme de tableau et graphes.
Sur 221 échantillons histologiques reçus dans la période d’étude 100 intéressent le système digestif (45,24%).
L’âge moyen des patients est de 52,8 ans (17-98 ans). Les patients les plus représentés étaient ceux de 60 ans et plus (43,0%).
On note une légère prédominance de femmes dans notre série, avec sexe ratio M:F de 1:1,3.
SITE | Nombre échantillons | Pourcentage (%) |
Œsophage | 5 | 5,0 |
Estomac | 84 | 84,0 |
Duodénum | 2 | 2,0 |
Côlon | 4 | 4,0 |
Rectum | 4 | 4,0 |
Pancréas | 1 | 1,0 |
Total | 100 | 100,00% |
Tableau I : Répartition des échantillons selon le site anatomique
Dans notre série, la localisation la plus fréquente des affections du TGI est gastrique à 84%, et le reste répartie comme suit : Œsophage (5%), Rectum (4%), Colon (4%), Duodénum (2%) et Pancréas (1%).
Diagnostic pathologique | Effectifs | Pourcentage |
Adénocarcinome | 8 | 8,0% |
Carcinome | 2 | 2,0% |
Duodénite | 1 | 1,0% |
Gastrite | 75 | 75,0% |
Lymphome | 2 | 2,0% |
Œsophagite | 1 | 1,0% |
Polype bénin | 7 | 7,0% |
RCUH* | 2 | 2,00% |
Sans lésion | 2 | 2,00% |
Total | 100 | 100,00% |
* RCUH : recto-colite ulcéro hémorragique
Tableau II : Répartition des échantillons en fonction du diagnostic pathologique
Sur 98 lésions enregistrées, 80,61% des lésions sont de natures inflammatoires contre 19,39% de lésions néoplasiques. La gastrite est le diagnostic le plus fréquent (76,53%).
Tranche âge Dg pathologique | 0 - 19 | 20 - 29 | 30 - 39 | 40 - 49 | 50 - 59 | 60 - 69 | ≥70 | Total |
Adénocarcinome | 3 | 5 | 8 | |||||
Carcinome | 1 | 1 | 2 | |||||
Duodénite | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Gastrite | 3 | 10 | 12 | 11 | 10 | 13 | 16 | 75 |
Lymphome | 2 | 2 | ||||||
Œsophagite | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Polype bénin | 1 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 7 | |||
RCUH | 2 | 2 | ||||||
Sans lésion | 1 | 1 | 2 | |||||
Total | 3 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 24 | 19 | 100 |
Tableau III : Diagnostic pathologique par tranche d’âge
La pathologie gastro-intestinale inflammatoire est repartie uniformément dans toutes les tranches d’âge tandis que les pathologies malignes apparaissent après 50 ans.
Diagnostic pathologique | F | M | Total |
Adénocarcinome | 1 | 7 | 8 |
Carcinome | 1 | 1 | 2 |
Duodénite | 1 | 1 | |
Gastrite | 48 | 27 | 75 |
Lymphome | 1 | 1 | 2 |
Œsophagite | 1 | 1 | |
Polype bénin | 3 | 4 | 7 |
Rectocolite | 2 | 2 | |
Sans lésion | 2 | 2 | |
Total | 55 | 45 | 100 |
Tableau IV : Diagnostic pathologique par Sexe
Les lésions gastro-intestinales malignes sont plus fréquentes chez les hommes (20,93%) que chez les femmes (3,63%), avec un sexe ratio M:F de 3:1.
Site/Dg pathologique | Effectifs | Pourcentage |
Colon | 4 | 4,00% |
Adénocarcinome | 1 | 1,00% |
Polype bénin | 1 | 1,00% |
RCUH | 1 | 1,00% |
Sans lésion | 1 | 1,00% |
Duodénum | 2 | 2,00% |
Duodénite | 1 | 1,00% |
Polype bénin | 1 | 1,00% |
Estomac | 84 | 84,00% |
Adénocarcinome | 5 | 5,00% |
Gastrite | 75 | 75,00% |
Lymphome | 2 | 2,00% |
Polype bénin | 1 | 1,00% |
Sans lésion | 1 | 1,00% |
Œsophage | 5 | 5,00% |
Carcinome | 2 | 2,00% |
Œsophagite | 1 | 1,00% |
Polype bénin | 2 | 2,00% |
Pancréas | 1 | 1,00% |
Adénocarcinome | 1 | 1,00% |
Rectum | 4 | 4,00% |
Adénocarcinome | 1 | 1,00% |
Polype bénin | 2 | 2,00% |
RCUH | 1 | 1,00% |
Total | 100 | 100,00% |
Tableau V : Diagnostic pathologique selon les sites anatomiques
L’Estomac est le site le plus représenté, il enregistre 84% des échantillons du tractus gastro-intestinal, et enregistre 84,6% de l’ensemble des lésions de notre étude.
Diagnostic pathologique | Effectifs | Pourcentage |
Adénocarcinome | 5 | 5,95% |
Gastrite | 75 | 89,29% |
Sans atrophie | 43 | 51,19% |
Sans H.p | 3 | 3,57% |
Avec H.p | 40 | 47,62% |
Avec atrophie | 32 | 38,10% |
Sans H.p | 1 | 1,19% |
Avec H.p | 31 | 36,90% |
Lymphome | 2 | 2,38% |
Polype bénin | 1 | 1,19% |
Sans lésion | 1 | 1,19% |
Total | 84 | 100% |
Tableau VI : Les lésions de l’estomac
Les lésions de l’estomac sont des gastrites à 89,29% ; associées à une atrophie (42,66%) et très souvent associées à Helicobacter pylori (94,66% de cas).
L’âge moyen de nos patients est de 52,8 ans (17-98 ans). Les patients les plus représentés étaient ceux de 60 ans et plus (43,0%) ; voir figure I. Notre série se rapproche de la littérature rapportée par Nezha et al [9], dont l'âge moyen des patients était de 55 ans (23-80 ans) avec une fréquence plus élevée pour la tranche 40-60ans, contrairement à celle de certains auteurs [10] dont l’âge moyen était de 38,5 ans (7-85 ans), et 57% des patients avec un âge compris entre 20 et 39 ans. On note une légère prédominance de femmes dans notre série, avec un sexe ratio M:F de 9:11 (figure II) tout comme dans une littérature antérieure [11] dont le sexe ratio M:F était de 107:113, contrairement à une autre [10] qui avait une prédominance masculine (sexe ratio M:F de 707:514).
Notre étude montre que l’estomac est le site le plus représenté, il enregistre 84% des échantillons du système digestif (voir tableau I). Cette tendance corrobore avec l’étude de Nezha qui avait une prédominance d’échantillon de localisation gastrique à 40,74% [9]. Par contre, certaines littératures rapportent que les affections digestives sont très fréquentes en Afrique avec une forte prédominance de la pathologie colique [12, 13].
80,61% de lésions dans notre série sont de natures inflammatoires (voir tableau II). Ce pourcentage est très élevé par rapport à celui retrouvé par Ndjitoyap et al qui était de 54,65 % [14]. Cette fréquence élevée de la pathologie inflammatoire dans notre contexte pourrait être en rapport avec les multiples facteurs agressifs pour la muqueuse gastrique qui font partie du régime alimentaire locale de cette population [15]. En effet dans l’ensemble de lésions observées dans notre étude, la gastrite est le diagnostic le plus fréquent (76,53%). Cette fréquence est plus élevée que celle rapporté par J.FAIVR et al, avec une prédominance de gastrite à 27,79%. Cependant une étude d’ATTIA en côte d’Ivoire nous rapporte deux fois plus de duodénites que de gastrites [12].
Un rapport antécédent trouve les maladies digestives malignes comme principale cause de pathologies de ce système avec une mortalité élevée parmi tous les néoplasmes, contribuant à environ 3 millions de décès en 2012 dans le monde entier. Ce rapport présente comme principales tumeurs maligne digestives par ordre décroissant, le carcinome hépatocellulaire (CHC), le cancer colorectal, le cancer gastrique (CG), le cancer du pancréas, le cancer de l'œsophage et le cancer buccal [18].
Dans notre étude on trouve une prédominance de lésions malignes du tube digestif chez les patients du sexe masculin avec un rapport M:F de 3:1 (voir tableau IV). Cette opinion a été reportée par Daniyal et al [19]. Cependant son incidence est caractérisée par une importante disparité géographique [20].
La pathologie gastro-intestinale inflammatoire est repartie uniformément dans toutes les tranches d’âges tandis que les pathologies malignes apparaissent après 50 ans (voir tableau III). Les lésions gastro-intestinales malignes sont plus fréquentes chez les hommes (20,93%), avec un sexe ratio M:F de 3:1 (voir tableau IV). Il nous semble évident que l’âge est un facteur de risque des cancers du tractus gastro-intestinal [16]. En effet notre résultat corrobore avec certaines littératures qui rapportent que les cancers du tractus gastro-intestinal sont rares avant 50 ans avec une prédominance masculine (sex-ratio de 5:2), et leur incidence augmente avec l’âge [16].
L’estomac est le site le plus affecté du TGI, il enregistre 84,6% de l’ensemble des lésions de notre étude (voir tableau V). Ce pourcentage est très élevé par rapport à celui de Djibril et al [10], qui avait une prédominance de lésions gastrique à 44%.
Dans les lésions de l’estomac sont des gastrites à 89,29% (voir tableau VI) et associées souvent à une atrophie (42,66%) et très souvent associé à Helicobacter pylori (94,66% de cas), Helicobacter pylori étant un facteur de risque majeur du cancer gastrique selon plusieurs auteurs [21, 22, 23, 24].
Environs 45,24% des échantillons histologiques adressés au service d’anatomie pathologique intéressent le système digestif. Les lésions inflammatoires de ce système représentent 80,61% dont 19,39% sont des lésions néoplasiques. La cause de la prédominance de lésions inflammatoire reste à déterminer. Le diagnostic le plus fréquent est une gastrite, le plus souvent associé à Helicobacter pylori (94,66%). L’éradication de Helicobacter pylori est très capitale dans la stratégie de lutte contre la pathologie digestive.
Clearly Auctoresonline and particularly Psychology and Mental Health Care Journal is dedicated to improving health care services for individuals and populations. The editorial boards' ability to efficiently recognize and share the global importance of health literacy with a variety of stakeholders. Auctoresonline publishing platform can be used to facilitate of optimal client-based services and should be added to health care professionals' repertoire of evidence-based health care resources.
Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Intervention The submission and review process was adequate. However I think that the publication total value should have been enlightened in early fases. Thank you for all.
Journal of Women Health Care and Issues By the present mail, I want to say thank to you and tour colleagues for facilitating my published article. Specially thank you for the peer review process, support from the editorial office. I appreciate positively the quality of your journal.
Journal of Clinical Research and Reports I would be very delighted to submit my testimonial regarding the reviewer board and the editorial office. The reviewer board were accurate and helpful regarding any modifications for my manuscript. And the editorial office were very helpful and supportive in contacting and monitoring with any update and offering help. It was my pleasure to contribute with your promising Journal and I am looking forward for more collaboration.
We would like to thank the Journal of Thoracic Disease and Cardiothoracic Surgery because of the services they provided us for our articles. The peer-review process was done in a very excellent time manner, and the opinions of the reviewers helped us to improve our manuscript further. The editorial office had an outstanding correspondence with us and guided us in many ways. During a hard time of the pandemic that is affecting every one of us tremendously, the editorial office helped us make everything easier for publishing scientific work. Hope for a more scientific relationship with your Journal.
The peer-review process which consisted high quality queries on the paper. I did answer six reviewers’ questions and comments before the paper was accepted. The support from the editorial office is excellent.
Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. I had the experience of publishing a research article recently. The whole process was simple from submission to publication. The reviewers made specific and valuable recommendations and corrections that improved the quality of my publication. I strongly recommend this Journal.
Dr. Katarzyna Byczkowska My testimonial covering: "The peer review process is quick and effective. The support from the editorial office is very professional and friendly. Quality of the Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on cardiology that is useful for other professionals in the field.
Thank you most sincerely, with regard to the support you have given in relation to the reviewing process and the processing of my article entitled "Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of The Prostate Gland: A Review and Update" for publication in your esteemed Journal, Journal of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics". The editorial team has been very supportive.
Testimony of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology: work with your Reviews has been a educational and constructive experience. The editorial office were very helpful and supportive. It was a pleasure to contribute to your Journal.
Dr. Bernard Terkimbi Utoo, I am happy to publish my scientific work in Journal of Women Health Care and Issues (JWHCI). The manuscript submission was seamless and peer review process was top notch. I was amazed that 4 reviewers worked on the manuscript which made it a highly technical, standard and excellent quality paper. I appreciate the format and consideration for the APC as well as the speed of publication. It is my pleasure to continue with this scientific relationship with the esteem JWHCI.
This is an acknowledgment for peer reviewers, editorial board of Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. They show a lot of consideration for us as publishers for our research article “Evaluation of the different factors associated with side effects of COVID-19 vaccination on medical students, Mutah university, Al-Karak, Jordan”, in a very professional and easy way. This journal is one of outstanding medical journal.
Dear Hao Jiang, to Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing We greatly appreciate the efficient, professional and rapid processing of our paper by your team. If there is anything else we should do, please do not hesitate to let us know. On behalf of my co-authors, we would like to express our great appreciation to editor and reviewers.
As an author who has recently published in the journal "Brain and Neurological Disorders". I am delighted to provide a testimonial on the peer review process, editorial office support, and the overall quality of the journal. The peer review process at Brain and Neurological Disorders is rigorous and meticulous, ensuring that only high-quality, evidence-based research is published. The reviewers are experts in their fields, and their comments and suggestions were constructive and helped improve the quality of my manuscript. The review process was timely and efficient, with clear communication from the editorial office at each stage. The support from the editorial office was exceptional throughout the entire process. The editorial staff was responsive, professional, and always willing to help. They provided valuable guidance on formatting, structure, and ethical considerations, making the submission process seamless. Moreover, they kept me informed about the status of my manuscript and provided timely updates, which made the process less stressful. The journal Brain and Neurological Disorders is of the highest quality, with a strong focus on publishing cutting-edge research in the field of neurology. The articles published in this journal are well-researched, rigorously peer-reviewed, and written by experts in the field. The journal maintains high standards, ensuring that readers are provided with the most up-to-date and reliable information on brain and neurological disorders. In conclusion, I had a wonderful experience publishing in Brain and Neurological Disorders. The peer review process was thorough, the editorial office provided exceptional support, and the journal's quality is second to none. I would highly recommend this journal to any researcher working in the field of neurology and brain disorders.
Dear Agrippa Hilda, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, Editorial Coordinator, I trust this message finds you well. I want to extend my appreciation for considering my article for publication in your esteemed journal. I am pleased to provide a testimonial regarding the peer review process and the support received from your editorial office. The peer review process for my paper was carried out in a highly professional and thorough manner. The feedback and comments provided by the authors were constructive and very useful in improving the quality of the manuscript. This rigorous assessment process undoubtedly contributes to the high standards maintained by your journal.
International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I strongly recommend to consider submitting your work to this high-quality journal. The support and availability of the Editorial staff is outstanding and the review process was both efficient and rigorous.
Thank you very much for publishing my Research Article titled “Comparing Treatment Outcome Of Allergic Rhinitis Patients After Using Fluticasone Nasal Spray And Nasal Douching" in the Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology. As Medical Professionals we are immensely benefited from study of various informative Articles and Papers published in this high quality Journal. I look forward to enriching my knowledge by regular study of the Journal and contribute my future work in the field of ENT through the Journal for use by the medical fraternity. The support from the Editorial office was excellent and very prompt. I also welcome the comments received from the readers of my Research Article.
Dear Erica Kelsey, Editorial Coordinator of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics Our team is very satisfied with the processing of our paper by your journal. That was fast, efficient, rigorous, but without unnecessary complications. We appreciated the very short time between the submission of the paper and its publication on line on your site.
I am very glad to say that the peer review process is very successful and fast and support from the Editorial Office. Therefore, I would like to continue our scientific relationship for a long time. And I especially thank you for your kindly attention towards my article. Have a good day!
"We recently published an article entitled “Influence of beta-Cyclodextrins upon the Degradation of Carbofuran Derivatives under Alkaline Conditions" in the Journal of “Pesticides and Biofertilizers” to show that the cyclodextrins protect the carbamates increasing their half-life time in the presence of basic conditions This will be very helpful to understand carbofuran behaviour in the analytical, agro-environmental and food areas. We greatly appreciated the interaction with the editor and the editorial team; we were particularly well accompanied during the course of the revision process, since all various steps towards publication were short and without delay".
I would like to express my gratitude towards you process of article review and submission. I found this to be very fair and expedient. Your follow up has been excellent. I have many publications in national and international journal and your process has been one of the best so far. Keep up the great work.
We are grateful for this opportunity to provide a glowing recommendation to the Journal of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. We found that the editorial team were very supportive, helpful, kept us abreast of timelines and over all very professional in nature. The peer review process was rigorous, efficient and constructive that really enhanced our article submission. The experience with this journal remains one of our best ever and we look forward to providing future submissions in the near future.
I am very pleased to serve as EBM of the journal, I hope many years of my experience in stem cells can help the journal from one way or another. As we know, stem cells hold great potential for regenerative medicine, which are mostly used to promote the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. I think Stem Cell Research and Therapeutics International is a great platform to publish and share the understanding towards the biology and translational or clinical application of stem cells.
I would like to give my testimony in the support I have got by the peer review process and to support the editorial office where they were of asset to support young author like me to be encouraged to publish their work in your respected journal and globalize and share knowledge across the globe. I really give my great gratitude to your journal and the peer review including the editorial office.
I am delighted to publish our manuscript entitled "A Perspective on Cocaine Induced Stroke - Its Mechanisms and Management" in the Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal are excellent. The manuscripts published are of high quality and of excellent scientific value. I recommend this journal very much to colleagues.
Dr.Tania Muñoz, My experience as researcher and author of a review article in The Journal Clinical Cardiology and Interventions has been very enriching and stimulating. The editorial team is excellent, performs its work with absolute responsibility and delivery. They are proactive, dynamic and receptive to all proposals. Supporting at all times the vast universe of authors who choose them as an option for publication. The team of review specialists, members of the editorial board, are brilliant professionals, with remarkable performance in medical research and scientific methodology. Together they form a frontline team that consolidates the JCCI as a magnificent option for the publication and review of high-level medical articles and broad collective interest. I am honored to be able to share my review article and open to receive all your comments.
“The peer review process of JPMHC is quick and effective. Authors are benefited by good and professional reviewers with huge experience in the field of psychology and mental health. The support from the editorial office is very professional. People to contact to are friendly and happy to help and assist any query authors might have. Quality of the Journal is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on mental health that is useful for other professionals in the field”.
Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions I testity the covering of the peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal.
